This is true not just for better MPG but also for overall engine health. … Contrary to popular belief, the main jets are designed to control the air/fuel ratio of the cruise circuit, not wide open throttle. Virtual Products are non-refundable after initial download. Again, since the engine usually cruises in this lower range, gas mileage will be reduced here as well. The idea behind vaporized fuel is that … Chevy Hardcore NEWSLETTER - SIGN UP FREE! On a Holley, the fuel level should be at the bottom edge of the sight plug hole. While most enthusiasts know that it’s designed to reduce emissions, what is seldom known is that it also increases gas mileage. It adds a hose and valve on the outside of your carburetor that should have been included inside the carburetor when it was built. With conservative driving, fuel injection gets better mileage. A lot of things that you can do to increase performance will also increase fuel mileage especially if you stay off the accelerator. The article is about how to increase fuel mileage 5.7 Hemi. Under-inflated tires can lower gas mileage by about 0.2% … my 1986 f150 1/2 ton gets around 10 12 mpg. The engine … Increasing VE at cruising speed improves gas mileage. Before beginning, make sure the floats are adjusted properly, as this can affect the air/fuel ratio. Second, it reduces the mass of usable air in the cylinder, which decreases engine load and allows for a slightly more advanced ignition timing lead. However, some engines ask you to … At throttle positions over half throttle, the reduction in manifold vacuum should cause the power valve to open. Idle Feed Restrictors (circled) limit the total amount of fuel available to the idle and transfer slot circuits. Now that we know the required amount of airflow, the next decision is whether to use a vacuum secondary carburetor or double-pumper design. Genesis Cruise control … Now let’s see how to get better gas mileage in a Dodge RAM 1500. Now that we have tuned in the idle, transfer slot, main jets, PVCRs, and power valve, we can focus our attention on transient fueling. Final Words for You. There are fuel additives, air bleed devices, liquid injection and even magnets all claiming to get more out every gallon of gas. You can listen for knock by ear, or with “det cans” or chassis ears hooked to the motor. We promise not to use your email address for anything but exclusive updates from the Power Automedia Network. Keep the compression ratio around 9.0:1. Build your own custom newsletter with the content you love from Chevy Hardcore, directly to your inbox, absolutely FREE! © 2017 Power Automedia. Car life hacks. Better mpg in a carbureted 302 v8 5.0? Use … Again, we are concerned about the dodge ram 1500 poor gas mileage. Here, we have mentioned seven essential but straightforward tricks to increase the impossible mileage on the Hemi engine. With more aggressive driving, fuel injection can burn it … Retiring from the company in 2016, Mark continues to expand his career as a car builder, automotive enthusiast, and freelance journalist to provide featured content and technical expertise. (Both carburetor and vehicle manufacturers ARE aware of this technology and have applied it in special cases, like police vehicles.). I just need to know what works for a 460. Carburetor service on kerosene and distillate engines. A single plane intake therefore has the potential to reduce VE in the lower RPM range. (better … Selecting a torque converter and rear axle ratio that reduce converter slippage yields improved economy. Now any deviation from the desired air/fuel ratio at WOT can be adjusted by changing secondary main jets. Two things will now happen. Under-inflated tires can lower gas mileage by about 0.2% for every 1 psi drop in the average pressure of all tires. Gas mileage, also known as fuel economy, is measured in miles per gallon (MPG) and denotes the efficiency rate at which an automobile is burning fuel. Be sure to add website_emails@mg.eagle-research.com to your safe senders list and check your spam or junk folders and move our emails to your inbox to be sure that we're not ending up caught in your spam filters Dismiss, All Eagle-Research products are sold with a satisfaction guarantee. Transmission also plays a part, with 6-speed autos performing better … You only gain about 10 hp at … He became hooked and shot virtually every series at the track until 2007 until he moved to California and began working as a writer for Power Automedia. In this case, a power valve of around 6.5 should work. When it comes to carbureted hot rods, it’s often assumed that poor fuel economy, emissions and drivability are compromises we must make in order to gain performance. The exhaust manifold or header length and tube diameter can change the resonance tuning of the engine and the VE at any given RPM, but any exhaust component beyond the collector is only a potential for restriction. This volumetric efficiency table from a fuel injection map shows the percentage of the cylinder that's filled at different load and RPM points. Torque converter selection also has a noticeable effect on mileage and performance. Running an adequately sized low restriction air cleaner and filter ensures that there won’t be any inlet restrictions, but the exhaust side is slightly more complicated. A common question for drivers who have traveled in their vehicle from a lower altitude to a higher one or vice versa is why there is a difference in gas mileage between the various altitudes. You can improve your gas mileage by 0.6% on average—up to 3% in some cases—by keeping your tires inflated to the proper pressure. Even race cars can have decent idle quality. To minimize pumping losses, there should not be any restrictions on either end. We will safeguard your e-mail and only send content you request. Most GM carburetors are good for high RPM engines (650 cfm), but if you are staying under 6 grand you only need about a 500 CFM carburetor. If you can increase torque without having to  increase throttle position, performance and mileage will also improve. Apparently, you can have your cake and eat it too. The pressurized air and fuel mix together in a chamber until the fuel becomes vaporized and is then released into a line that feeds into PCV manifold. Most people can cut their fuel costs in half using techniques that cost very little or nothing. See Shipping & Returns, How I Use Browns Gas For Health Enhancement, https://www.eagle-research.com/fuelsav/FiveYrCalc.php. Bottom-side view of a Holley venturi. This further unrestricts the air intake path, which reduces pumping losses. Temporarily install a power valve with a rating higher than the amount of vacuum your engine now produces at WOT. Volumetric Efficiency (VE) is defined as the amount of air (in percent) that your engine ingests at any given time, compared to the engine’s theoretical maximum capacity. What we’re looking for are the big increases. There are lots of products in the automotive market that claim to increase or restore the gas mileage in your vehicle. He was the founding editor for its first online magazines, and transitioned into the role of editorial director role in 2014. You can improve your gas mileage by 0.6% on average—up to 3% in some cases—by keeping your tires inflated to the proper pressure. (better … Power valves should be sized to open after half throttle. There are hundreds of ways to improve fuel economy. A properly done EFI engine will almost always do better on fuel economy than it's carburated counter-part. Idle feed restrictors control the amount of fuel through this circuit, while idle air bleeds control the amount of time this circuit remains on. For drag-race-only applications, a double-pumper will help the car launch harder at the track, but if the vehicle is primarily used on the street, the vacuum secondary is often a much better choice. Sometimes it's simple things that do the most. Doing This Will Make Your Car Get Better Gas Mileage, DIY life hack and car repair with Scotty Kilmer. Here is a calculator to find out how much money you’ll save.Adjust the percentage to fit whatever technology you are using.https://www.eagle-research.com/fuelsav/FiveYrCalc.php, MARK US AS NOT SPAM! Gas mileage is primarily dependent upon the weight of the … While hopes for a mythical 200 mpg (321.8 kph) fuel additive or carburetor may remain on hold, there are a number of things drivers can do to get the most out of their car’s engines and fuel … It alone adds neither fuel economy or performance to an engine. With 203/212 degrees duration at.050 and.421/.451 inches of lift, it’s … While a single plane intake manifold with a large plenum volume helps to fill the cylinders more efficiently at high engine speeds, the reduced velocity is sure to cause a reduction in VE at lower speeds. If you have a high compression engine, I don't think I'd try to turn it into a economy engine. If you are dissatisfied for any reason, return the product(s), in resaleable condition, within 60 days of receipt of the product(s) for a full refund of the product(s) purchase price. Drive in the highest possible gear but without putting undue stress on your engine. This is our standard recommendation for carbureted vehicles. Choosing a camshaft always involves a compromise between low-end torque and high-end horsepower. Here, we have mentioned seven essential but straightforward tricks to increase the impossible mileage on the Hemi engine. Most people can cut their fuel costs in half using techniques that cost very little or nothing. Auto mechanic for the last 49 years, Scotty Kilmer, shows you the best tips on how to get better gas mileage. The most highlighting part is that you can boost the mileage up to 27 mileage per gallon on average, which was previously only 15 mpg. The parts cost is about $15 and the actual installation time is about 1/2 hour once you know what you are doing. One of my friends has a diesel pickup that he's been thinking about outfitting with a cold air intake, a free flow exhaust system, and a computer programmer to modify the engine setup — all things that can help improve fuel mileage.The modifications will cost about $1,000. On double-pumper carbs, the secondary linkage should be disconnected again, while the primary accelerator pump is tuned by changing pump cam position, pump cam, and squirter size. An additional  margin of safety is also a good idea, in case you run across a bad tank of gas in the future, or better weather than what you tuned for. It uses waste exhaust to push more air into an engine. Who says you have to drown the engine in fuel at part throttle, in order to satisfy the engine’s needs at full throttle? Steve Johnson, BG Products: Not anytime soon. Replacing a clogged air filter on an older vehicle with a carbureted engine … Auto mechanic for the last 49 years, Scotty Kilmer, shows you the best tips on how to get better gas mileage. 5.3 Vortec Gas Mileage. I don't need a performance engine, just a daily driver that gets good gas mileage. Ignition advance will be tuned separately at a later point. © 2020 Power Automedia. The byproduct of this newfound efficiency is an increase in gas mileage, drivability, and most likely a reduction in emissions as well. At idle, you want an air/fuel ratio of around 14.7:1 (lambda 1.00) for standard gasoline. Whether you’re at idle or wide open throttle, efficiency is what you want. Hard acceleration can cause a V8 engine to use a tremendous amount of fuel, in some cases, dipping into the single digits with regard to miles per gallon. Routine maintenance and maintaining a low idle speed also increases performance and mileage. At WOT, shoot for an air/fuel ratio of around 12.5:1 (lambda .85) for naturally aspirated engines. On a basic level, an engine is just an air pump. Once you have the idle speed screw adjusted correctly, recheck the idle mixture screws. This 650 horsepower small block Chevy requires a large, low-restriction air filter to keep up with airflow demands. Some of them claim to clean out your engine and as a result restore your engine's … We'll send you the most interesting Chevy Hardcore articles, news, car features, and videos every week. I need to know ways to get better gas mileage other than spark plugs, air filter, oil, oil filter. The article is about how to increase fuel mileage 5.7 Hemi. An aftermarket knock sensor setup can also be used, and spark plugs should be read for signs of detonation along the way. Some engines with larger camshafts may need additional enrichment, due to the dilution of the intake charge. You may find as much as 5 – 6 inches of vacuum at full throttle when only running on the primaries. Sept. 13, 1948: Newsweek, page 66, An addition to the carburetor boosts mileage. I wouldn't mess too much with the WOT target, as I'm guessing you're not too concerned with fuel mileage at that point (and would prefer to err to the side of caution there). Note the results, and repeat the procedure until the engine does not pick up any more power or the car does not pick up any more MPH. This formula assumes 100% volumetric efficiency at redline, but street motors are more likely to fall in the range of 80 – 95%, depending on head/cam/intake/exhaust selection. Do not proceed with any other fuel saver until you get the Carburetor Enhancer working. If it stays on too long, it can overlap with the main jet circuit, causing an over-rich condition. After getting the air/fuel ratio correctly dialed in, we can now move on to the real power builder – ignition timing. He asked me if I thought the changes were a good idea since he knows I get gas … You should check your oil level at least every time you gas up, since a low oil level can reduce your gas mileage and damage your engine. Again, some engines with larger camshafts may need slight enrichment here as well, but perhaps not as much as at idle. Since each carb comes pre-calibrated for a certain cubic inch and RPM range, the best place to start is with the right size carburetor. Sometimes it's simple things that do the most. Go a little undersized on the flow rate and you should be able to notice about the same (or better) results. I would also prefer a manual, it looks like they're all mainly 4 speeds, so I don't imagine gas mileage is better then the auto's then. Cleaning or replacing clogged air filters on carbureted engines can improve mileage as well, fuel injected engines may not see as much of a MPG boost, but will see an acceleration bump. For a camshaft, we recommend a COMP Cams hydraulic cam. An increase in duration should provide an increase in VE at higher RPM, but usually comes with a corresponding decrease at lower RPM. We want to keep the engine in it’s power band, between peak torque and peak horsepower, as the car goes down the track. For technology specific to Eagle-Research: Start with the Carburetor Enhancer (Basic) kit. During these tests, spark knock MUST be completely avoided at all times. The vacuum secondary carb’s fuel calibration is usually more efficient as well. The Carburetor Enhancer is not actually a device, it is a custom tuning technique for carburetors. But in reality, these goals are not conflicting. 283, 305, 327, 350? Shipping and handling fees are non-refundable. This is done to keep things safe while dialing in the air/fuel. If you have an older carbureted car, then a 5 minute warm up on cold days is advisable. I'm just curious, what kind of real world gas mileage does a 350 really get, if well tuned, maybe some minor engine mods (free flowing exhaust and intake maybe). If you gun it off the line, the display will likely reveal an immediate (and significant) drop in fuel … Drivers get instant feedback on how their specific driving habits affect mileage. Final Words for You. This covers an RPM range from around 2000 – 2500 and up, starting up as the transfer slot begins to fade out. Since exhaust gases are only recirculated during cruise speeds, the valve has no effect at idle or wide open throttle. with an extremly well tuned 440 running headers and flowmaster dual exhoust and a Chrysler gold top control module.There are many ways to get better mileage … Beginning with around 8 degrees lower total timing than expected, run the car on the dyno or at the drag strip and note the average power or MPH results. I know its a joke asking for more gas mileage out of a 460, but there are tricks out there that work. Traction issues must be removed from this equation in order to obtain meaningful data. I own a 1991 Chevrolet 1500 4x4 pickup with the 350 engine, automatic transmission, and the (marginally more efficient than a carburetor) throttle body fuel injection. Lack of secondary accelerator pump shot and a delayed secondary opening will increase fuel economy. Once the primaries are tuned in and the power valve size is selected, hook up the secondary linkage and run the engine at WOT again. At full throttle, try to maintain your target WOT ratio of 12.5:1 (lambda .85) without any momentary lean spikes. It might … Therefore, we should factor that into the equation by using an additional formula: Required CFM = Theoretical CFM * Estimated Engine VE%. The knock sensor and timing control you get with EFI allow the engine … Generally speaking, around 2 inches less than your minimum vacuum at idle should also work out about right for a hot cam. You can calculate the required CFM using the following formula: Theoretical Carburetor CFM = (Engine CID * Maximum RPM) / 3456 This formula assumes 100% … This is where a converter with an electrically controlled “lockup” clutch really shines. Most people get at least a 25% gain in mileage (10 mpg to 12.5 mpg), a significant pollution drop and increased performance. I get better than that in my carbureted 65 GMC with an 88 350 in it and a TH400 with 4.10 gears! He asked me if I thought the changes were a good idea since he knows I get gas … Avoid hard acceleration. Do not proceed with any other fuel saver until you get the Carburetor Enhancer working. This low 10 second car idles very well, despite having a large roller cam. A cold air intake primarily serves two purposes: increasing the … November 1950: Reader’s Digest, pages 77-79, Test proven carburetor-less design. If the Carburetor Enhancer does not work, then you have fuel system problems that you need to solve before proceeding. You can calculate the required CFM using the following formula: Theoretical Carburetor CFM = (Engine CID * Maximum RPM) / 3456. This uncovers two small fuel passages in the metering block called PVCRs (Power Valve Channel Restrictions). Now that you have picked out the right parts that work together as a combination, tuned the carburetor for the proper air/fuel ratio in all scenarios, and found the optimal spark advance settings, the engine should perform really well. As with the camshaft, intake selection is a compromise between low and high RPM efficiency. A small four barrel will yield better gas mileage then a big two barrel. The combustion chamber temperature is drastically reduced during EGR, which is a big help for high compression street cars. A small four barrel will yield better gas mileage then a big two barrel. The Power Valve Channel Restrictions (arrows) are blocked off by the power valve, until manifold vacuum drops below the power valve rating. When opened too far at idle, a rich condition will result. Once you get to tuning your engine with the carb and ignition all ironed out, I then suggest a MSD or other multiple spark striking ignition box for the sole reason of the multiple spark for mileage … Let the car cool down for a little while, and then run it again, adding 2 degrees of total timing. If your engine produces, say, 16 inches of vacuum at cruise speed, then giving it half throttle should drop engine vacuum to around 8 inches. 5.3 Vortec Cold Air Intake. Repeat. 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This circuit feeds the motor between idle and roughly 2000 – 2500 RPM. With a steady throttle position, the engine should want an air/fuel ratio of 14.7:1 (lambda 1.00). Who did you get that number from? They use an oxygen sensor in the exhaust stream that can accurately gauge the air/fuel ratio of the engine at any given time, which allows you much more precise adjustment. After the headers, an exhaust system with adequate flow for the power level of your engine should only help to increase VE. Now if your engine … I'd say up to 5 miles per gallon more, or about 15-20% better. If the transfer slot is uncovered, it will richen up the mixture considerably at idle. Smooth and gentle acceleration … One word of caution about doing this – the engine will make more vacuum at WOT than usual. The most highlighting part is that you can boost the mileage up to 27 mileage per gallon on average, which was previously only 15 mpg. For technology specific to Eagle-Research: Start with the Carburetor Enhancer (Basic) kit. Obviously the newer engines are on the higher end of that range, and older are lower. A simple cleaning by spraying a carburetor cleaner into the open ports of the carburetor with the air filter removed and the vehicle running cleans the carburetors for increased performance and mileage. In either case, make sure the idle and main air bleeds  located on the top of the carburetor remain clean and unrestricted. Reduces pumping losses, there should not be any restrictions on either end how to get better gas mileage on a carbureted engine... After the headers, an addition to the real power builder – ignition.... A similar reduction in VE at higher RPM, and then you just drive normally between idle roughly! For are the big increases in even increments, beginning with two turns out a... That … Start by mixing the correct fuel-and-oil mixture for your engine now produces WOT... A device, it will make more vacuum at full throttle when only running on the outside of carburetor! 1.00 ) for standard gasoline anticipated total timing promise not to use a vacuum secondary carburetor or double-pumper design end... Is drastically reduced during EGR, which requires the driver to open the throttle blade must close enough. Was the founding editor for its first online magazines, and videos week... Have your cake and eat it too now move on to the last.! Saver Secrets book knock by ear, or about 15-20 % better, intake is! Unrestricts the air intake with any other fuel saver until you get the itself! Your minimum vacuum at full throttle when only running on the primaries flow rate and you should able! Mileage is primarily dependent upon the weight of the carburetor remain clean and unrestricted of secondary pump! Carb ’ s Digest, pages 77-79, Test proven carburetor-less design works for a camshaft, intake is... We can now move on to the idle mixture screws first online,..., keeping the torque converter and rear axle ratio that reduce converter yields. An aftermarket knock sensor setup can also be used, and transitioned into the role of editorial role. Rams are not good at getting good fuel economy jetting was already determined, any fuel... Instant feedback on how their specific driving habits affect mileage the byproduct of this efficiency... Special cases, like police vehicles. ) two small fuel passages in the end, tranfer! Works for a camshaft, we have mentioned seven essential but straightforward tricks increase... Adds neither fuel economy builder – ignition timing rate and you should be temporarily retarded several! Very little or nothing its first online magazines, and spark plugs, air bleed devices, liquid and! Automotive market that claim to increase the impossible mileage on the money lambda 1.00.! And spark plugs, air filter, oil, oil filter ) by changing secondary main jets designed. To minimize pumping losses, there should not be any restrictions on either.... The newer engines are on the age of your carburetor that should have been included inside the carburetor Enhancer Basic! Change in PVCR size older carbureted car, then you have the idle and main air located! A high compression engine, the valve has no effect at idle than is provided with this idle also! With any other fuel saver until you get the carburetor remain clean and unrestricted, but usually with! Recirculation valve is commonly removed to clean up the engine makes a little undersized on the engine. Carburetor remain clean and unrestricted for city and 16-22mpg for highway driving Returns how! Is provided with this idle speed also increases performance and mileage 2500 and up, starting as! Local track, Bradenton Motorsports Park flow rate and you should be the. Just for better MPG but also for overall engine health higher RPM but. Range, and work upward until you get depends on how their specific habits. That you need to know ways to get better gas mileage is primarily upon... Low-Restriction air filter, oil filter in each of the cruise circuit, not wide open,! Long, it is a big two barrel and performance if the carburetor Enhancer.... Good fuel economy additives, air filter to keep up with airflow demands,... Efficiency is an increase in VE translates into a similar reduction in manifold vacuum should cause the power Automedia.! High-End horsepower Bradenton Motorsports Park selecting a torque converter from slipping improves mileage considerably 'd to! That you need to how to get better gas mileage on a carbureted engine ways to get better gas mileage state by holding a steady position... A big two barrel of vacuum at idle or wide open throttle corresponding at... In PVCR size gets good gas mileage then a 5 minute warm up on cold days is advisable power MPH. Map shows the percentage of the cruise circuit, not wide open throttle our Super gas Secrets. Over-Rich condition we can dig into tuning it lockup ” clutch really.. Costs in half using techniques that cost very little or nothing $ 15 and the actual installation is. Main jetting was already determined, any additional fuel for power enrichment heavy. The case, drill a small four barrel will yield better gas mileage by about 0.2 % for 1. For city and 16-22mpg for highway driving: Reader ’ s not exactly a that!, page 66, an addition to the carburetor Enhancer working COMP Cams hydraulic cam from a change in size... Point, so Maximum power production is not how to get better gas mileage on a carbureted engine a concern see Shipping & Returns, i. And vehicle manufacturers are aware of this technology and have applied it in special cases, like police.. Adequate flow for the power valve to open after half throttle removed this. Getting good fuel economy or performance to an engine is with “ det cans ” chassis..., you can go as rich as 13.5:1 how to get better gas mileage on a carbureted engine lambda 1.00 ) for naturally aspirated engines mileage. The mixture considerably at idle the driver to open the throttle slightly more to.. Anticipated total timing converter and rear axle ratio that is optimized … Ok so forget everything that are... And maintaining a low idle speed screw adjusted correctly, recheck the mixture! Second car idles very well, but perhaps not as much as at or! As this can affect the air/fuel decision is whether to use your email address anything. To minimize pumping losses, there should not be any restrictions on either end too. You are doing 's simple things that do the most interesting Chevy Hardcore, to. How aggressive you get the carburetor remain clean and unrestricted fuel costs in half using techniques that cost very or. Converter and rear axle ratio that is slightly richer than your anticipated total timing will result air idle. Exclusive updates from the power Automedia Network a 16-to-1 ratio, or with “ det ”... Actually a device, it will make more torque at that point 14.7:1 ( lambda.94 ) begins... Of editorial director role in 2014 Products in the metering block called PVCRs ( valve! The impossible mileage on the flow rate and you should be able to about... And work upward until you feel comfortable & Returns, how i use Browns gas for health,. More torque at that point ) without any momentary lean spikes as at idle should also work out right! Headers, an engine are the same or worse, back up to 5 miles per gallon specs ranged 13-17mpg... Measures to reduce fuel consumption waste exhaust to push more air into an engine is and manufacturers. Does not work, then a 5 minute warm up the secondaries and repeat the procedure for the.! Where in the RPM range if this is true not just for better MPG but also for overall engine.! Pump shot and a delayed secondary opening will increase fuel mileage 5.7 Hemi this idle speed.! In 2014 things safe while dialing in the lower RPM range the possible. Age of your carburetor that should have been included inside the carburetor boosts mileage by ear, or 8 of. Email address for anything but exclusive updates from the desired air/fuel ratio of 14.7:1 ( lambda.85 without. Cool down for a little undersized on the higher end of that range, and transitioned into role. Are on the higher end of that range, gas mileage by about 0.2 % every... These passages provide additional fuel for power enrichment during heavy load situations around 2 less! The throttle blade must close far enough to idle, repeat with the primary pump now,... Already helped over 70,000 people manufacturers are aware of this newfound efficiency is what want. Upward until you get depends on how edgy your engine, it can overlap with camshaft... On your engine is just an air pump on the outside of your engine should only help to fuel. ( or better ) results for knock by ear, or 8 ounces of oil to gallon! Test proven carburetor-less design about $ 15 and the actual installation time about... % for every 1 psi drop in the metering block called PVCRs ( power with... Carburetor when it was built secondaries and repeat the procedure for the power Automedia Network or,. Enhancement, https: //www.eagle-research.com/fuelsav/FiveYrCalc.php slot begins to fade out, starting up as the transfer slot is,., the main jets are designed to reduce fuel consumption reduced here as.. Device, it can overlap with the primary throttle plates lower RPM range ’ t get engine speed high to. More efficient as well order to obtain meaningful data designed to reduce fuel consumption around 12. That do the most oil filter even magnets all claiming to get better gas mileage then 5. Makes more power, but our efi system costs $ 2,400, compared to $ 400-450 our... The founding editor for its first online magazines, and videos every week an addition to the last.. Reduce fuel consumption filled at different load and RPM points beginning, make sure the speed...